A photovoltaic (PV) system is a technology that converts sunlight into electricity using semiconducting materials. The primary component of this system could be the solar cell, typically made from silicon, which absorbs photons from sunlight. When sunlight strikes the cell, it excites electrons, creating a power current. This direct conversion of light into electricity is known as the photovoltaic effect, a principle that underlies the functioning of solar panels. Solar panels are grouped together to make modules or panels, which may be further connected to create solar arrays. These arrays can range between small rooftop systems powering individual homes to vast solar farms that contribute to the electrical grid.
The potency of a photovoltaic system largely depends on several factors, including the type of solar panels used, the intensity and duration of sunlight, and the angle of the panels relative to the sun. Silicon-based cells, such as for instance monocrystallineInvestieren in Photovoltaik polycrystalline, are the most frequent types. Monocrystalline cells are more efficient but in addition more expensive, while polycrystalline cells offer a lower-cost alternative with slightly less efficiency. Recently, advancements in materials like thin-film solar cells and perovskite cells demonstrate promise in improving efficiency and reducing costs, potentially revolutionizing the industry.
In addition to the solar panels themselves, a PV system includes some other components required for its operation. These include inverters, which convert the direct current (DC) produced by the solar panels into alternating current (AC) suited to use in homes and businesses. Batteries may also be included in the system to store excess energy generated through the day for use during the night or during cloudy periods. Charge controllers regulate the flow of electricity, preventing batteries from overcharging and extending their lifespan. In grid-tied systems, surplus energy could be fed back in the grid, often earning credits or payments from utility companies in an activity known as net metering.
Photovoltaic systems can be installed in several configurations, with respect to the needs of the user and the available space. Rooftop installations are popular for residential and commercial buildings, allowing users to generate their own electricity and reduce their reliance on the grid. Ground-mounted systems are typical in larger applications, such as for example solar farms, where land can be obtained for large arrays of panels. Tracking systems, which adjust the angle of the panels to check out sunlight during the day, can raise the efficiency of the machine by maximizing the total amount of sunlight captured. However, these systems are more technical and expensive to put in and maintain.
